Members of the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices won him over to the argument that the vaccine be recommended for all Americans above 6 months of age, he said in an interview. The committee, which sets U.S. vaccination policy and helps determine insurance coverage for vaccines, will vote on the question Tuesday as it weighs the benefits of updated vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax.

Not all vaccine experts see it quite as Schaffner, a nonvoting liaison representative to the ACIP, does.

"I don't plan to get it myself," said Paul Offit, 72, the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He's had two boosters and got COVID last year. Another vaccine might increase his protection against mild infection for a few months, but like most Americans' immune systems, his is already familiar enough with the virus to protect him from serious disease, Offit believes.

Some of Schaffner's scientific colleagues argue the government should be recommending the shot only for frail, older, sick, and immunocompromised people. Over 95% of the U.S. population are already COVID-immunized through vaccination, infection, or both, and the risks of serious illness for healthy younger people are not great.

Schaffner doesn't disagree. But lots of not-necessarily-vulnerable Americans do want the shot for themselves and their children, and, without a CDC recommendation, insurance companies wouldn't have to pay for the vaccine.

It's "pretty awful" that Pfizer and Moderna, the two main COVID vaccine producers, have decided to charge up to $130 a shot, compared with $30 last year for the booster, which was produced under government contract, said Kathryn Edwards, a professor of pediatrics at Vanderbilt and a member of an ACIP working group on COVID. (Pfizer spokesperson Amy Rose said the price was "consistent with the value delivered" and reflected higher expenses to provide the shots commercially.)

But a partial recommendation could leave the very groups who suffered most during the pandemic — minorities and other disadvantaged groups — unable to get vaccinated if they want but can't afford to.

"The last thing we need are financial barriers that would enhance disparities," Schaffner said.

Related: Tripledemic ahead! New COVID, flu, RSV vaccines (and what's covered by insurance)

A 1993 law requires the federal government to pay for childhood vaccines recommended by the ACIP, and more recent legislation requires coverage of adult vaccines within 15 days of an ACIP recommendation.

Pfizer and Moderna continue to make billions of dollars in sales of COVID vaccines, although they are producing fewer doses. Moderna CEO Stéphane Bancel told investors in August that the company expected its global COVID vaccine sales to be $6 billion to $8 billion this year, depending on uptake in the U.S. Pfizer expects about $14 billion this year.

Within a few years, both companies expect to be producing combination vaccines protecting against influenza, COVID, and possibly respiratory syncytial virus. About 170 million flu vaccines were distributed last flu season in the U.S., so a combination product could lock in a large market for COVID vaccines as well.

Despite broad recommendations for the updated COVID booster shot released last fall, only 17% of the U.S. population got it — and about 43% of those over 65. How many will get the vaccine this season is uncertain, as is the benefit of the shot. A study of the new Moderna vaccine showed that while it increased antibodies to various COVID strains, it provided roughly the same protection against them as last year's booster shot, which was given again to the control group.

The new vaccine is "not remotely a game changer," said John Moore, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Weill Cornell Medical College.

For healthier adults and children, "it's a boost in protection for a few months," Moore said. Who exactly will benefit most is impossible to predict because the U.S. is "not a cookie-cutter population." Its people have by now been exposed to a bewildering combination of vaccines, boosters, and different strains of the virus.

Christopher Ridley, a Moderna spokesperson, said the updated vaccine was well matched to current viral strains, adding, "We encourage people to get vaccinated for COVID when they get their annual flu shot."

Fearmongering has distorted the threat of the virus, Moore said. He is skeptical of the significance of the recent uptick in COVID hospitalizations, and criticized social media posters who have raised fears about new viral strains that don't seem to pose any fundamental challenge to the new vaccines.

"Editorial FOMO drove summer surge worries," Moore said, using an acronym for "fear of missing out." Despite worrying comments and tweets by physicians such as Eric Topol, director of the Scripps Research Translational Institute, about a new COVID variant called BA.2.86, "it turned out to be a real nothingburger," Moore said.

Even Ashish Jha, who coordinated the Biden administration's COVID response until returning to his post as dean of the Brown University School of Public Health this year, agrees there is some ambiguity in the issue. While he recommends that 20-year-olds get the booster, "a reasonable person" could disagree.

Unfortunately, such discussions in the current environment are clouded by "nonsense and bad information" that causes confusion and hurts people, he said in a recent podcast interview.

Whether truly needed or not, the vaccines, proponents say, are safe enough that even the small benefit of taking them will outweigh the risks. The major, though rare, serious side effect of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines — myocarditis, which particularly affected men in their teens and 20s — appears mainly to have occurred during the first two-shot series.

Paradoxically, those who most need protection from COVID are often likely to have weakened immune systems that fail to generate the hoped-for response to vaccination.

So the vaccine is arguably most relevant for healthy people who come in frequent contact with vulnerable individuals. With that in mind, England has announced the new booster would be offered only to people who are 65 or older, in nursing homes, or immunologically vulnerable — or who work or live with members of those groups.

"Any efforts to promote the new boosters should focus squarely on those at high risk," said Norman Hearst, a family physician in San Francisco. While recommending the vaccine for older patients, he said he wouldn't advise a booster for young males because of the rare risk of myocarditis and the negligible benefit. "The question is all the other people in between."

In a commentary last November, infectious disease doctors Shira Doron and Monica Gandhi said vaccination campaigns should be radically honest about the limited value of vaccines for long-term protection against infection. Such a campaign might advocate vaccinating children because even though it won't protect durably, "it might prevent the rare case of severe disease."

Meanwhile, the vaccine makers have their own plans for publicizing the vaccines. In its call with investors last month, Moderna said it was focused on increasing sales and solidifying Moderna's market share with branded promotion. Its "awareness campaigns" will tout ACIP recommendations and "connect COVID-19 with seasonal flu vaccines with the goal to drive consumers to get vaccinated this fall," a company official said.

Moderna co-sponsored tennis' U.S. Open this year and aired a video at the event Sept. 8 honoring Arthur Ashe, the only Black man to win Grand Slam titles, whom it credited with helping destigmatize HIV by revealing he had the virus.

The video presentation suggested that Moderna, like Ashe, has done well by being bold.

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