Call it the personal-responsibility expectation: All the major players involved in health care reforms of various types over the years share a common belief that individuals should avail themselves of coverage or pay a penalty.

That's the conclusion of a white paper from the Urban Institute. It's one of those situations where the facts were staring us in the face all the time; it just took a nonprofit to label it.

"The Affordable Care Act, Medicare Parts B and D, and a Republican alternative to the ACA all have financial penalties that essentially are individual mandates," the institute said in a release touting its paper, "The New Bipartisan Consensus for an Individual Mandate." 

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Dan Cook

Dan Cook is a journalist and communications consultant based in Portland, OR. During his journalism career he has been a reporter and editor for a variety of media companies, including American Lawyer Media, BusinessWeek, Newhouse Newspapers, Knight-Ridder, Time Inc., and Reuters. He specializes in health care and insurance related coverage for BenefitsPRO.