A SeaWorld trainer drowned in 2010 when a killer whale pulled her beneath the water during a live show, marking the third fatal attack during a performance and sparking an investigation into employment risks at the Florida theme park.

Federal occupational safety regulators faulted SeaWorld of Florida LLC for exposing its trainers to recognized hazards, and the case made its way to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. The court in 2014, ruling for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, said SeaWorld failed to take steps to protect employees from the hazards posed by close contact between trainers and killer whales. The appeals panel was sharply divided.

Writing in dissent was Brett Kavanaugh, the longtime D.C. Circuit judge who is now poised to join the U.S. Supreme Court. His SeaWorld dissent and other cases siding with the employer telegraphs how he might approach labor and employment issues presented to the Supreme Court. The majority's decision, Kavanaugh warned, could allow OSHA to regulate Nascar races and NFL games.

The broad question the case raised, as Kavanaugh put it: “When should we as a society paternalistically decide that the participants in these sports and entertainment activities must be protected from themselves—that the risk of significant physical injury is simply too great even for eager and willing participants? And most importantly for this case, who decides that the risk to participants is too high?”

The majority found there was ample evidence showing SeaWorld recognized its precautions were not adequate to prevent harm or death to trainers, and that employees could be protected without harming the business.

Advocates for business interests would find comfort in a would-be justice who could move the court from reliably pro-business to more resoundingly so. Worker advocates, meanwhile, are sounding alarms as Kavanaugh's nomination, to succeed Justice Anthony Kennedy, advances in the U.S. Senate.

Sharon Block, a former Obama-era National Labor Relations Board member, said in a post at the blog On Labor that Kavanaugh's D.C. Circuit record “demonstrates consistent support for the interests of employers and a lack of concern for the interests of workers and the government agencies” that are protecting worker rights.

“What stands out about Kavanaugh's record in labor cases is not just his consistency in ruling for employers over workers, but the seemingly unnecessary positions he sometimes takes when doing so,” Block wrote.

Kavanaugh's critics point to myriad rulings to argue he tends to favor employers over employees. In the case American Federation of Government Employees v. Gates, Kavanaugh in 2007 said the secretary of defense was empowered to abolish collective bargaining altogether. More recently, in 2012, Kavanaugh dissented in the case Miller v. Clinton, where the majority revived a State Department employee's age-discrimination claims.

“To be sure, Congress could (and perhaps should) change the law and bar the State Department from imposing mandatory retirement in these kinds of circumstances,” Kavanaugh wrote. He added: “But our job is to apply and enforce the law as it is written.”

Kavanaugh's SeaWorld dissent dings regulators

Kavanaugh's dissent in the SeaWorld case opened with a laundry list of professions that carry risk: “Football. Ice hockey. Downhill skiing. Air shows. The circus. Horse racing. Tiger taming. Standing in the batter's box against a 95 mile per hour fastball. Bull riding at the rodeo.” (And this was to name only some, as Kavanaugh carried his point a bit further.)

“The participants in those activities want to take part, sometimes even to make a career of it, despite and occasionally because of the known risk of serious injury. To be fearless, courageous, tough—to perform a sport or activity at the highest levels of human capacity, even in the face of known physical risk—is among the greatest forms of personal achievement for many who take part in these activities,” Kavanaugh wrote. “American spectators enjoy watching these amazing feats of competition and daring, and they pay a lot to do so.”

He said that although safety precautions must be in place, the Labor Department is not the proper body to decide these issues. Regulators, he said, do not have the authority to make these decisions.

“Why isn't close contact between trainers and whales as intrinsic to SeaWorld's aquatic entertainment enterprise as tackling is to football or speeding is to auto racing? The department offers no answer at all,” Kavanaugh wrote.

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