Fox and Murtagh noted that some states already impose controls on hospitals' prices, and that the controls can take different forms, such as a flat cap on prices or a limit on price increases.

In outlawing surprise billing for emergency services, non-emergency care from out-of-network providers at in-network facilities, and air ambulance services from out-of-network providers, the NSA established an Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process to determine out-of-network payment amounts between providers (including those for air ambulance services) or facilities and health plans.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services hopes to move all payers to a standard, digital medical attachment format by May 26, 2028.